Journal: Nutrients

Article Title: Antimicrobial Activity of EPA and DHA against Oral Pathogenic Bacteria Using an In Vitro Multi-Species Subgingival Biofilm Model

doi: 10.3390/nu12092812

Figure Lengend Snippet: Maximum projection of images obtained by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of the 72 h biofilms, where the growth of these biofilms was observed on the surfaces of the hydroxyapatite discs after 60 s of exposure: ( A ) to the negative control (phosphate buffer saline); ( B ) to the ethanol solution; ( C ) to the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) extracts (100 μM concentration) and ( D ) to 0.2% chlorhexidine. Specimens were stained with the LIVE/DEAD ® BacLightTM Bacterial Viability Kit solution, containing SYTO 9 and Propidium Iodide nucleic acid stains. Cells with a compromised membrane that are considered to be dead or dying were stain red (PI), whereas cells with an intact membrane were stain green (SYTO9).

Article Snippet: Sterile calcium hydroxyapatite (HA) discs, of 7 mm of diameter and 1.8 mm (standard deviation, SD = 0.2) of thickness (Clarkson Chromatography Products, Williamsport, PA, USA), were coated with treated saliva for 4 h at 37 °C in sterile plastic tubes, and then placed in the wells of a 24-well tissue culture plate (Greiner Bio-one, Frickenhausen, Germany).

Techniques: Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Negative Control, Saline, Concentration Assay, Staining, Membrane

Journal: Nutrients

Article Title: Antimicrobial Activity of EPA and DHA against Oral Pathogenic Bacteria Using an In Vitro Multi-Species Subgingival Biofilm Model

doi: 10.3390/nu12092812

Figure Lengend Snippet: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of biofilms with an evolution of 72 h in hydroxyapatite (HA) discs treated with the negative control: phosphate buffer saline (PBS) ( A ), with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at 100 µM ( B ), with EtOH ( C ) or with the positive control: 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX)( D ). A dense bacterial population could be observed on the HA discs treated with PBS ( A ), forming discontinuous layers of bacteria bonded to the discs. Meanwhile, on the biofilms of the discs treated with DHA ( B ), a lower density of cells distributed across the surface of the disc could be seen, and some of these exhibited structural damages. Likewise, on the discs treated with EtOH ( C ) or CHX ( D ), a reduction in the bacterial density present on the surface of the disc could also be observe, although it was lower than that on the discs treated with DHA ( B ). Chains of Aggregatibacter and/or Streptococcus (blue arrow) and fusiform bacilli of the F. nucleatum genus (yellow arrow) could be identified. Magnification ( A – D ): 1500×. The samples were dried by critical points and coated with gold by sputtering.

Article Snippet: Sterile calcium hydroxyapatite (HA) discs, of 7 mm of diameter and 1.8 mm (standard deviation, SD = 0.2) of thickness (Clarkson Chromatography Products, Williamsport, PA, USA), were coated with treated saliva for 4 h at 37 °C in sterile plastic tubes, and then placed in the wells of a 24-well tissue culture plate (Greiner Bio-one, Frickenhausen, Germany).

Techniques: Electron Microscopy, Negative Control, Saline, Positive Control, Bacteria

Journal: Nutrients

Article Title: Antimicrobial Activity of EPA and DHA against Oral Pathogenic Bacteria Using an In Vitro Multi-Species Subgingival Biofilm Model

doi: 10.3390/nu12092812

Figure Lengend Snippet: Maximum projection of images obtained by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of the 72 h biofilms, where the growth of these biofilms was observed on the surfaces of the hydroxyapatite discs, stained with LIVE/DEAD ® BacLightTM Bacterial Viability Kit, after 60 s of exposure: ( A ) to the negative control (phosphate buffer saline); ( B ) to the ethanol solution; ( C ) to the docosahexaenoic acid (EPA) extracts (100 μM concentration) and ( D ) to 0.2% chlorhexidine. Specimens were stained with the LIVE/DEAD ® BacLightTM Bacterial Viability Kit solution, containing SYTO 9 and Propidium Iodide nucleic acid stains. Cells with a compromised membrane that are considered to be dead or dying were stained red (PI), whereas cells with an intact membrane were stained green (SYTO9).

Article Snippet: Sterile calcium hydroxyapatite (HA) discs, of 7 mm of diameter and 1.8 mm (standard deviation, SD = 0.2) of thickness (Clarkson Chromatography Products, Williamsport, PA, USA), were coated with treated saliva for 4 h at 37 °C in sterile plastic tubes, and then placed in the wells of a 24-well tissue culture plate (Greiner Bio-one, Frickenhausen, Germany).

Techniques: Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Staining, Negative Control, Saline, Concentration Assay, Membrane

Journal: Nutrients

Article Title: Antimicrobial Activity of EPA and DHA against Oral Pathogenic Bacteria Using an In Vitro Multi-Species Subgingival Biofilm Model

doi: 10.3390/nu12092812

Figure Lengend Snippet: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of biofilms with an evolution of 72 h in hydroxyapatite (HA) discs treated with the negative control: phosphate buffer saline (PBS) ( A ), with docosahexaenoic acid (EPA) at 100 µM ( B ), with ethanol ( C ) or with the positive control: 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX)( D ). A dense bacterial population could be observed on the HA discs treated with PBS ( A ), forming discontinuous layers of bacteria bonded to the discs. Meanwhile, on the biofilms of the discs treated with EPA ( B ), a lower density of cells distributed across the surface of the disc could be seen, and some of these exhibited structural damages. Likewise, on the discs treated with EtOH ( C ) or CHX ( D ), a reduction could also be observed in the bacterial density present on the surface of the disc, although this reduction was slighter than that on the discs treated with EPA ( B ). Chains of Aggregatibacter and/or Streptococcus (blue arrow) and fusiform bacilli of the F. nucleatum genus (yellow arrow) could be identified. Magnification ( A – D ): 1500×. The samples were dried by critical points and coated with gold by sputtering.

Article Snippet: Sterile calcium hydroxyapatite (HA) discs, of 7 mm of diameter and 1.8 mm (standard deviation, SD = 0.2) of thickness (Clarkson Chromatography Products, Williamsport, PA, USA), were coated with treated saliva for 4 h at 37 °C in sterile plastic tubes, and then placed in the wells of a 24-well tissue culture plate (Greiner Bio-one, Frickenhausen, Germany).

Techniques: Electron Microscopy, Negative Control, Saline, Positive Control, Bacteria